Elizabeth I

When Henry's daughter Elizabeth I gained the throne, she too both consulted and controlled Parliament. In theory, the monarch called Parliament for advice. In practice, Elizabeth rarely asked for its view. During her 45-year reign, she summoned Parliament only 13 times. All but one time, she asked for money.

When Parliament met, the queen's advisers conveyed her wishes. Certain subjects, such as foreign policy or the queen's marriage, were forbidden. Her skill in handling Parliament helped make “Good Queen Bess” a popular and successful ruler.

Painting of a man in royal robes and a stiff high collar, seated next to a table holding a velvet feathered hat.

James I, the first Stuart king of England, ruled England from 1603 to 1625.

Stuart Monarchs Clash with Parliament

Elizabeth died childless in 1603. The throne passed to her relatives the Stuarts, the ruling family of Scotland. The Stuarts were neither as popular as the Tudors nor as skillful in dealing with Parliament. They also inherited problems that Henry and Elizabeth had long suppressed. The result was a “century of revolution” that pitted the Stuart monarchs against Parliament.

James I Asserts Divine Right

When the first Stuart monarch, James I, took the throne, he agreed to rule according to English laws and customs. Soon, however, he was lecturing Parliament about divine right. In 1610, the king made a speech in Parliament.

The state of Monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself they are called gods. … Kings are justly called gods for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of Divine power on earth … And to the King is due both the affection of the soul and the service of the body of his subjects.…

—King James I

Decorated cover of a bible, with portraits of various religious figures.
Image Long Description

King James gave Greek and Hebrew scholars specific instructions for translating the Christian Bible into English. The King James Bible is considered a literary masterpiece.

Parliament was not impressed with the king's claim to rule by divine right. Instead, James faced repeated clashes with Parliament, mostly over money and foreign policy that involved the king's wars in Europe.


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Table of Contents

World History
Authors, Consultants, Partners
Reviewers & Academic Consultants
Social Studies Reimagined
Connect: Make Meaning Personal
Investigate: Acquire Knowledge and Skills
Investigate
Synthesize: Practice Knowledge and Skills
Demonstrate: Show Understanding
Table of Contents
Digital Resources
Celebrate Freedom
Topic 1 Origins of Civilization (Prehistory–300 B.C.)
Enduring Understandings
1.1 Learning About Our Past
1.2 The Neolithic Revolution
1.3 Civilization Begins
Topic 1 Assessment
Topic 2 The Ancient Middle East and Egypt (3200 B.C.–500 B.C.)
Enduring Understandings
2.1 A Civilization Emerges in Sumer
2.2 Empires in Mesopotamia
2.3 The Hebrews and the Origins of Judaism
2.4 Egyptian Civilization
Topic 2 Assessment
Topic 3 Ancient India and China (2600 B.C.–A.D. 550)
Enduring Understandings
3.1 Early Civilization in South Asia
3.2 The Origins of Hinduism and Buddhism
3.3 Powerful Empires Emerge in India
3.4 Ancient Civilization in China
3.5 Strong Rulers Unite China
Topic 3 Assessment
Topic 4 The Americas (Prehistory–A.D. 1570)
Enduring Understandings
4.1 Civilizations of Middle America
4.2 The World of the Incas
4.3 The Peoples of North America
Topic 4 Assessment
Topic 5 Ancient Greece (1750 B.C.–133 B.C.)
Enduring Understandings
5.1 Early Greece
5.2 The Greek City-States
5.3 Greek Thinkers, Artists, and Writers
5.4 Alexander the Great and the Legacy of Greece
Topic 5 Assessment
Topic 6 Ancient Rome and the Origins of Christianity (509 B.C.-A.D. 476)
Enduring Understandings
6.1 The Roman Republic
6.2 The Roman Empire: Rise and Decline
6.3 The Legacy of Rome
6.4 The Origins of Christianity
Topic 6 Assessment
Topic 7 Medieval Christian Europe (330–1450)
Enduring Understandings
7.1 The Early Middle Ages
7.2 Feudalism and the Manor Economy
7.3 The Medieval Christian Church
7.4 Economic Expansion and Change: The Crusades and After
7.5 The Feudal Monarchs and the Church
7.6 Learning, Literature, and the Arts of the Middle Ages
7.7 The Late Middle Ages: A Time of Upheaval
7.8 Russia and Eastern Europe
Topic 7 Assessment
Topic 8 The Muslim World and Africa (730 B.C.-A.D. 1500)
Enduring Understandings
8.1 The Origins of Islam
8.2 A Muslim Empire
8.3 Achievements of Muslim Civilization
8.4 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
8.5 Early Civilizations of Africa
8.6 Kingdoms of West Africa
8.7 Trading States of East Africa
8.8 Diverse Peoples and Traditions in Africa
Topic 8 Assessment
Topic 9 Civilizations of Asia (500–1650)
Enduring Understandings
9.1 The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal India
9.2 Golden Ages in China: Tang and Song Dynasties
9.3 The Mongol Empire and Ming China
9.4 Korea and Its Traditions
9.5 The Island Kingdom of Japan
9.6 The Many Cultures of Southeast Asia
Topic 9 Assessment
Topic 10 The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Enduring Understandings
10.1 The Italian Renaissance
10.2 The Renaissance in Northern Europe
10.3 The Protestant Reformation
10.4 Reformation Ideas Spread
10.5 The Scientific Revolution
Topic 10 Assessment
Topic 11 New Global Connections (1415–1796)
Enduring Understandings
11.1 Europeans Explore Overseas
11.2 Europeans Gain Footholds in Asia
11.3 European Conquests in the Americas
11.4 European Colonies in North America
11.5 The Slave Trade and Its Impact on Africa
11.6 Effects of Global Contact
Topic 11 Assessment
Topic 12 Absolutism and Revolution
Enduring Understandings
12.1 Absolute Monarchy in Spain and France
12.2 Rise of Austria, Prussia, and Russia
12.3 Triumph of Parliament in England
12.4 The Enlightenment
12.5 The American Revolution
12.6 The French Revolution Begins
12.7 A Radical Phase
12.8 The Age of Napoleon
Topic 12 Assessment
Topic 13 The Industrial Revolution
Enduring Understandings
13.1 The Industrial Revolution Begins
13.2 Social Impact of Industrialism
13.3 The Second Industrial Revolution
13.4 Changing Ways of Life and Thought
Topic 13 Assessment
Topic 14 Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy (1790–1914)
Enduring Understandings
14.1 Revolutions Sweep Europe
14.2 Latin American Nations Win Independence
14.3 The Unification of Germany
14.4 The Unification of Italy
14.5 Democratic Reforms in Britain
14.6 Divisions and Democracy in France
14.7 Growth of the United States
14.8 Nationalism in Eastern Europe and Russia
Topic 14 Assessment
Topic 15 The Age of Imperialism (1800–1914)
Enduring Understandings
15.1 The New Imperialism
15.2 European Colonies in Africa
15.3 Europe and the Muslim World
15.4 India Becomes a British Colony
15.5 China and the West
15.6 The Modernization of Japan
15.7 Southeast Asia and the Pacific
15.8 The Americas in the Age of Imperialism
Topic 15 Assessment
Topic 16 World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
Enduring Understandings
16.1 World War I Begins
16.2 Fighting the Great War
16.3 World War I Ends
16.4 Revolution in Russia
Topic 16 Assessment
Topic 17 The World Between the Wars (1910–1939)
Enduring Understandings
17.1 Revolution and Nationalism in Latin America
17.2 Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East
17.3 India Seeks Self-Rule
17.4 New Forces in China and Japan
17.5 The West After World War I
17.6 Fascism Emerges in Italy
17.7 The Soviet Union Under Stalin
17.8 The Rise of Nazi Germany
Topic 17 Assessment
Topic 18 World War II (1930–1945)
Enduring Understandings
18.1 Aggression, Appeasement, and War
18.2 Axis Powers Advance
18.3 The Holocaust
18.4 The Allies Turn the Tide
18.5 Victory for the Allies
Topic 18 Assessment
Topic 19 The Cold War Era (1945–1991)
Enduring Understandings
19.1 A New Global Conflict
19.2 The Western Democracies and Japan
19.3 Communism in East Asia
19.4 War in Southeast Asia
19.5 The Cold War Ends
Topic 19 Assessment
Topic 20 New Nations Emerge (1945–Present)
Enduring Understandings
20.1 New Nations in South Asia and Southeast Asia
20.2 African Nations Win Independence
20.3 The Modern Middle East Takes Shape
20.4 Conflicts in the Middle East
Topic 20 Assessment
Topic 21 The World Today (1980-Present)
Enduring Understandings
21.1 Challenges of Development
21.2 Challenges for African Nations
21.3 Rapid Development in China and India
21.4 Latin American Nations Move Toward Democracy
21.5 The Industrialized World
21.6 Globalization and Trade
21.7 Social and Environmental Issues
21.8 Terrorism and International Security
21.9 Advances in Science and Technology
Topic 21 Assessment
United States Constitution
Constitution Quick Study Guide
Preamble
Articles
Amendments
Primary Sources
[ Declaration of Independence ]
[ Code of Hammurabi ]
[ Psalm 23 ]
[ The Republic, Plato ]
[ Politics, Aristotle ]
[ Edicts, Asoka ]
[ Analects, Confucius ]
[ First Letter to the Corinthians, Paul ]
[ The Quran ]
[ The Magna Carta ]
[ Travels, Ibn Battuta ]
[ The Destruction of the Indies, Bartolomé de Las Casas ]
[ English Bill of Rights ]
[ Two Treatises of Government, John Locke ]
[ The Spirit of Laws, Baron de Montesquieu ]
[ The Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau ]
[ The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Olaudah Equiano ]
[ Federalist No. 51 ]
[ Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen ]
[ Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville ]
[ How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis ]
[ Hind Swaraj, Mohandas Gandhi ]
[ The Fourteen Points, Woodrow Wilson ]
[ The Diary of a Young Girl, Anne Frank ]
[ Charter of the United Nations ]
[ Universal Declaration of Human Rights ]
[ Autobiography, Kwame Nkrumah ]
[ “Tear Down This Wall,” Ronald Reagan ]
[ “Freedom from Fear,” Aung San Suu Kyi ]
[ “Glory and Hope,” Nelson Mandela ]
21st Century Skills
Sequence
Categorize
Analyze Cause and Effect
Compare and Contrast
Identify Main Ideas and Details
Summarize
Generalize
Make Predictions
Draw Inferences
Draw Conclusions
Interpret Sources
Create Databases
Analyze Data and Models
Read Charts, Graphs, and Tables
Create Charts and Maps
Analyze Political Cartoons
Read Physical Maps
Read Political Maps
Read Special-Purpose Maps
Use Parts of a Map
Analyze Primary and Secondary Sources
Compare Viewpoints
Identify Bias
Evaluate Existing Arguments
Consider and Counter Opposing Arguments
Participate in a Discussion or Debate
Give an Effective Presentation
Write an Essay
Avoid Plagiarism
Solve Problems
Make Decisions
Being an Informed Citizen
Political Participation
Voting
Serving on a Jury
Paying Taxes
Atlas
The United States: Political
The United States: Physical
The World: Political
Africa: Political
Africa: Physical
Asia: Political
Asia: Physical
Europe: Political
Europe: Physical
North and South America: Political
North and South America: Physical
Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania: Political-Physical
The Arctic: Physical
Antarctica: Physical
Glossary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Acknowledgments
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