R

• Rabin, Yitzhak, 837
• Racism, 520, 524, 591, 727–728, 754, 873
• Radical phases, 474–481
• Radicalism, 585
• Railways, 510, 602, 607, 612–613, 623, 639
• Rain forests, 66, 103, 281, 290, 822, 867, 892
• Raj, 613
• Raja, 310
• Rajahs, 62, 66, 75, 308, 310, 392
• Ramayana, 67
• Ramses II, 46, 49–50, 52–54
• Raphael, 182, 350, 355
• Rasputin, 668
• Ravenna, 193
• Reagan, Ronald, 786, 802, 869
• Realpolitik, 550–551, 558
• Rebirth, 70, 72, 350, 352, 357, 379
• Reconquista, 211, 219–220
• Reconstruction, 37, 244, 350, 663
• Red Army, 670, 722, 759, 775
• Red Guard, 792
• Red Sea, 35–36, 38, 42, 47, 49, 92, 149, 169–170, 181, 186, 193, 257, 263, 267, 279, 282–284, 292–293, 296, 303, 326, 569, 599, 601, 603, 606, 608, 641, 688, 731, 733, 823, 830, 834, 844, 846
• Reform Act, 1832, 562
• Reform Bill, 562, 564
• Reformation,
  • achievements, 351
  • Calvinism, 366
  • in England, 369, 373
  • in Switzerland, 666
  • Luther, 364
• Reichstag, 552, 554–555, 727
• Reign of Terror, 475, 477–478, 481, 493, 720, 800
• Reincarnation, 69–70, 74
• Religion,
  • African, 284, 404
  • and Enlightenment, 467
  • and Epic of Gilgamesh, 67
  • and politics, 97, 259
  • and trade, 115, 259, 287, 293, 297, 342, 344, 379
  • art, 237, 298, 301–302, 342
  • Aztec, 109, 114, 399
  • Buddhism, 69, 71, 76, 86, 310, 334, 343
  • Chinese, 87, 95
  • Daoism, 87
  • Egyptian, 50
  • Greek, 154, 207
  • Hinduism, 69, 74, 96, 310, 343, 815
  • in India, 67, 70, 74, 97, 272, 310, 814
  • in Southeast Asia, 343, 345
  • Indian, 69, 77, 611
  • Islam, 37, 44, 92, 193–194, 248, 255–257, 259, 264, 266, 270, 284, 288, 334, 343, 840
  • Islamic, 815
  • Japanese, 333
  • Judaism, 25, 37, 40–41, 44
  • monotheistic, 179
  • mystery, 114
  • Persian, 37, 248
  • rise of, 297
  • Roman, 161, 172, 178–179, 207, 248, 722
  • society and, 259, 298, 300, 379, 536, 853
  • Sumerian, 67
• Religious communities, 262, 277
• Religious fundamentalism, 853
• Religious orders, 208, 371, 554
• Religious wars,
  • in England, 370
  • in France, 430
  • in Holy Roman Empire, 435
• Remarque, Erich, 705
• Renaissance, 182, 190, 237, 239, 242, 348–349, 355–356, 362–367, 369–372, 374–378, 380–381, 383–385, 393, 426, 438, 453, 528
  • art, 351, 353, 361
  • humanism, 351, 354, 379
  • in Italy, 350–353, 357, 373
  • Northern, 357–361
• Reparations, war, 663–664, 709, 757, 774, 776
• Repeating rifles, 594
• Republic,
  • Plato, 143
• Resettlement, 767
• Revolution of 1830, 536, 539, 541–542
• Revolution of 1905, 586, 667
• Revolutionary Alliance,
  • China, 619
• Revolutions of 1789, 540
• Revolutions of 1848, 541–544, 569
• Reza Khan, 684, 687–688, 690
• Rhine River, 488, 550
• Rhodes, 44, 139, 153, 414, 461, 502, 602
• Rhodes, Cecil, 602
• Ricardo, David, 509, 538
• Ricci, Matteo, 390, 393
• Rice, 11, 78–79, 218, 316, 323, 337–338, 344, 408, 418, 624, 627, 635, 887
• Richard, King, 218
• Richelieu, Cardinal, 426, 431–432
• Rifles, 611, 653, 655, 668, 673
• Rig Veda, 65–66
• Right to vote, 451, 477, 508, 522, 535, 538, 540, 560, 566–567, 575–577, 622, 630–631, 660, 671, 699, 725, 889
• Ring of Fire, 333
• Rio de Janeiro, 413
• Rio Grande, 575
• Rivera, Diego, 682–683, 734
• Rizal, José, 628
• Roaring Twenties, 702, 705
• Robespierre, Maximilien, 475, 478
• Robots, 902
• Rockefeller, John D., 516
• Rocket, 778, 837, 839, 900–901
• Roman Catholic church, 210, 240, 243, 362, 364–365, 367, 428, 435, 479, 803, 867–868
  • control of, 559, 573, 632
  • development of, 379
  • in England, 241, 366, 444, 449
  • in Italy, 206, 229, 559
• Roman Empire, 77, 175, 179, 193, 195, 243, 284, 559
  • Christianity and, 164–172, 178, 181–182, 184–186, 210
  • decline and fall of, 163
  • eastern, 157, 168–171, 183, 186, 190
  • government, 167–168, 185
  • map of, 169–171, 181
  • military, 168
  • rule of, 192
  • under Roman law, rule of, 192
  • western, 157, 168–170, 186, 190–191, 194, 210
• Roman republic, 158
  • early, 159–160
  • Etruscan rule in, 159
  • Julius Caesar and, 163, 165–166
  • origin of, 159–162, 185
  • Senate in, 167, 185
• Romania, 250, 579, 581, 641, 651, 653, 655, 662, 665, 671, 674, 729, 745, 748, 751, 760, 769, 777, 808, 874, 878, 907
• Romanov dynasty, 441, 667
• Romanticism, 520, 525–528, 530–531
• Rome,
  • ancient, 159, 191, 354, 411
  • architecture of, 175
  • family structure in, 30
  • Greece and, 30, 32, 152, 159, 169–170, 181, 186, 411, 543
  • Punic Wars and, 163–164, 172
  • rise of, 30, 137, 172
  • slavery in, 164, 411
• Rome, treaty of, 195, 769
• Romeo and Juliet, 359
• Romero, Oscar, 866, 869
• Rommel, Erwin, 744, 747
• Romulus, 158
• Roosevelt Corollary, 640
• Roosevelt, Franklin D., 682, 702, 711, 733, 762
• Rosie the Riveter, 756
• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 452, 455, 459, 464, 469
• Rowlatt Act, 692
• Roy, Ram Mohun, 610, 613–614
• Royal absolutism, 427, 431, 444

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