• Great Zimbabwe powerful East African medieval trade center and city-state located in southeastern present-day Zimbabwe

• Green Revolution the improved seeds, pesticides, mechanical equipment, and farming methods introduced in the developing world beginning in the 1950s

• griot professional storyteller in early West Africa

• gross domestic product the total value of all goods and services produced in a nation within a particular year

• Guangzhou a coastal city in southeastern China, also known as Canton

• guerrilla a soldier in a loosely organized force making surprise raids

• guerrilla warfare fighting carried on through hit-and-run raids

• guild in the Middle Ages, an association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their trade and to protect their economic interests

• guillotine device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading

• Gulag in the Soviet Union, a system of forced labor camps in which millions of criminals and political prisoners were held under Stalin

• Guomindang Nationalist party; active in China 1912 to 1949

H

• habeas corpus principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime

• hacienda a large plantation

• hajj one of the Five Pillars of Islam, the pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are expected to make at least once in their lifetime

• hangul alphabet that uses symbols to represent the sounds of spoken Korean

• Hapsburg empire Central European empire that lasted from the 1400s to the 1900s and at its height included the lands of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands

• Harappa large ancient city of the Indus civilization, located in present-day Pakistan

• Harlem Renaissance an African American cultural movement in the 1920s and 1930s, centered in Harlem

• hejab headscarves and loose-fitting, ankle-length garments meant to conceal the body

• heliocentric based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe

• heresy religious belief that is contrary to the official teachings of a church

• hierarchy system of ranking groups

• hieroglyphics system of writing in which pictures called hieroglyphs represent objects, concepts, or sounds

• hijra Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina in 622

• Hiroshima city in Japan where the first atomic bomb was dropped in August 1945

• historian a person who studies how people lived in the past

• Holocaust the systematic genocide of about six million European Jews by the Nazis during World War II

• Holy Land Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus had lived and preached

Table of Contents